Volume XXXIII: Pneumatic Testing

ASME PRESSURE VESSELS

The scope of this presentation is to present basic information and understanding of the ASME code for the design of pressure vessels for the chemical and process industry as applicable in the United States and most of North and South America. For more information about our products, heavy plate & custom fabrication services or fabrication capabilities contact us today! 

PRESSURE VESSEL TESTING – PNEUMATIC TESTING

Many people do not know or are not realize that a Pneumatic pressure test can be very dangerous

• Pneumatic testing is widely used to achieve minimum down time and economy and convenience of testing as compared to hydrostatic tests. It is also useful to detect very fine leak paths which may not be found in Hydrostatic testing.
• Pneumatic pressure testing of piping and vessels at moderate-to-high test pressures or at low test pressures with high volume is more hazardous than hydrostatic pressure testing because the stored energy is much greater with compressed gases. Air, however, (like all gases) is compressible and, as a result, much more energy has to be put into the gas to raise its pressure. In fact, at the pressure ranges normally used for testing water-piping systems 200 times more energy is stored in compressed gas compared to water at the same pressure and volume.
• So, should a joint, pipe, or any other component fail under test pressure when using compressed gas, the energy can be released with deadly force!
• Hazards from loss of containment during pneumatic pressure testing include both blast overpressure and missiles. In applications where pressure testing with liquids is undesirable, such as in cryogenic piping systems and vessels, pneumatic pressure testing can only be justified when care in fabrication and in non-destructive examination of vessels and piping reduces the probability of loss of containment to such a small value that risk is acceptable.

HAZARDS FROM OVERPRESSURE FROM A RUPTURED VESSEL OR PIPING SYSTEM

• The atmospheric boiling point of LNG is approximately -256°F, any residual water left in the equipment, such as by hydraulic pressure testing, is undesirable. Pneumatic pressure testing is therefore frequently used for LNG and other piping, and vessels in which moisture must be avoided. As mentioned, the stored energy of compressed gas is very high, so rupture of a piping test system during a pneumatic pressure test can release much energy. Damage due to rupture can result from shock waves, flying projectile fragments from the ruptured piping, and unrestrained movement of piping and equipment propelled by escaping gas. In fact, the cryogenic gas industries have experienced pneumatic pressure testing incidents in the past, sometimes resulting in serious injuries and major equipment damage.

To address the risks associated with pneumatic pressure testing, many companies attempt to limit the amount of stored energy in the test system to a prescribed maximum value by limiting the size of each test system. This approach is often impractical for high pressure piping of typical diameters because of the severe limitation that it places on the size of each test system. Consequently, this approach may result in an unreasonably large number of test systems. Attempting to isolate and test a large number of test systems may prove to be impractical. When the approach of limiting the amount of stored energy becomes impractical, an alternative approach, such as that described herein, may offer the best option. Regardless of which approach is taken, many of the considerations outlined in this article must be taken into account to safely execute high-pressure, pneumatic pressure testing.

Risks of Pneumatic pressure testing

A variety of measures can increase the safety of pneumatic testing. Of first importance are measures to ensure the mechanical integrity of the vessels and piping systems undergoing testing. These measures include design, fabrication, and inspection methods.

It is also necessary to bar personnel from exclusion zones (an area where personnel are prohibited to enter) surrounding the vessel or piping system under test, and to conduct tests at night or on weekends when few people are in the vicinity of the test site

HAZARDS FROM OVERPRESSURE

RUPTURE OF A PIPING SYSTEM UNDER PRESSURE PRODUCES A BLAST WAVE.

• The pneumatic pressure tests planned for the piping systems for one LNG terminal were as high as 1756 psi, depending on the class and size of piping under test. Pressures this high can produce a damaging overpressure in the atmosphere within the exclusion zone due to the blast wave or shock wave that results upon rupture of a piping system under test. Lower test pressures can also present significant hazards. For example, rupture of a specific 8 in pipe segment at a test pressure of 261 psig could result in a blast overpressure of 0.5 psig (0.0345 barg) at a distance of 100 ft.
• Overpressure can injure personnel and damage facilities. Overpressure is the localized increase in the atmospheric air pressure associated with the passage of a shock wave.
• The overpressure that accompanies failure of a piping system causes harm that is a function of the magnitude and the duration of the shock wave. Typical damaging effects from overpressures are listed below:
• 0.4 psig - Limited minor structural damage to buildings
• 0.5 to 1 psig - Glass shattering with body penetrating velocities
• 0.7 psig - Minor damage to house structures
• 1 psig - Partial damage of house structures; made uninhabitable
• 1 psig - 95% eardrum protection with ear plugs
• 1 psig - People knocked down with potential of significant resulting injuries

Overpressure has the potential to affect most of the nearby area surrounding the piping under test. Therefore, the minimum exclusion zone in this work is defined as a zone within a radius beyond which the overpressure from rupture of the piping system under test will not exceed 0.5 psig.

Dangers of pneumatic testing

• Pneumatic testing is carried out in certain cases where water should not be permitted in the system and for other design considerations. However pneumatic testing can be deadly if certain precautions are not followed. The Alberta Boiler Safety Association has provided the following tips:

"Due to the large amount of energy stored in compressed gas and the potential hazard of a sudden release of this energy, pneumatic testing should be avoided if at all possible. The data in Table 1 illustrate the comparative risk of a pneumatic test versus a hydrostatic test:

A pneumatic pressure test should only be considered if a hydrostatic test has been carefully reviewed and determined not to be feasible. When pneumatic testing is necessary, there are many critical safety precautions that must be considered. Some important considerations are:

• Code of construction requirements for pneumatic test (e.g., UW-50 for ASME Section VIII Div. 1).
• A determination of the energy stored in the test fluid. Calculations may be made based upon the isentropic expansion of a confined gas.
• Test site preparations and related precautions including removal of unauthorized personnel, isolation of test site and a determination of the restricted distance for the pneumatic pressure test. The restricted distance is the distance from the item(s) under test at which barriers are placed to prohibit access, and the distance at which the test is monitored.

For the example cited above, with approximately 2,000,000 ft-lbs of stored energy (equivalent to one pound of nitroglycerine) the restricted distance using the NASA Glenn Research Center methodology would be 80 feet.

• Test medium, pressure source and pressure and temperature ranges during testing.
• Provision of pressure relief valves, which must be sized to handle the maximum output of the pressure source, to avoid excessive testing pressure.
• Material specifications of the vessel or system involved in the test. For materials whose resistance to brittle fracture at low temperature has not been enhanced, a test temperature above 60 ºF should be used to reduce the risk of brittle fracture during the pneumatic test.
• Precautions taken to prevent gas expansion temperature drop and thermal stresses due to temperature gradients".

Source:

National Board Bulletin, January 1979

www.wermac.org/others/ndt_risks_pneu_testing.html

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